第二屆澳門模擬聯合國大會
旨在構建國際化平台予兩岸四地之中學生發揮所長,透過對世界時事及國際議題進行探究及分析,拓闊國際視野且培養自身思辯能力、從而提升學生團隊精神及領導才能。同時亦冀望借本次活動提升「模擬聯合國」於本澳之學術氣圍及社會參與。
委員會介紹
委員會:澳門立法會
議題:討論《預防及打擊家庭暴力法》
學術指導:楊鳴宇教授(澳門大學 社會科學學院 政府與行政學系 助理教授,本會學術顧問)
席位設置:33席,共66位;混合代表制
工作語言:繁體中文(廣東話)
屋企係我哋溫暖嘅港灣,但對某啲人嚟講,屋企卻係無盡嘅牢籠。
喺好長一段時間之內,家庭暴力都被認為係私領域嘅問題,唔受政府干預。但隨住社會發展,唔少人開始認識到家庭暴力唔再係閂埋房門嘅家事,而係急需要公權力嘅介入。聯合國大會喺1993年發表咗《消除對婦女的暴力行的宣言》,向全世界表達左對消除女性權益同家庭暴力嘅決心。隨後,有關議題受到愈來愈多國家同地區嘅關注,如台灣早喺1998年已經通過咗《家庭暴力防治法》,而香港亦喺1986年制定《家庭暴力條例》嘅民事法例。
喺澳門,家暴一直係社會討論嘅議題,但對於家庭暴力嘅定義、涵蓋範圍、刑罰、甚至係適用對象都需要大家深入討論,去搵出我地嘅共識。而法律所作出嘅刑罰,對於受虐者點樣融入社會、爭取撫養權、撫養費,甚至援助金都會有長遠嘅影響。雖然國際已經對家庭暴力已經有一定嘅共識,但要點樣制定符合澳門情況嘅家暴法,仍然需要各方嘅努力。
讓我地回到2016年嘅時間軸,一齊思考可以點樣將議會嘅拉鋸變成可行嘅政策,令家暴法成為一個更全面、更完善嘅法律,去保障大家免於親密關係嘅隱蔽傷害
委員會:聯合國安全理事會
議題:恐怖主義行為對國際和平與安全造成的威脅
學術指導:尹偉文教授(澳門大學 社會科學學院 政府與行政學系 助理教授)
席位設置:20席,共35位,混合代表制
工作語言:繁體中文(普通話)
議事規則:羅伯特議事規則
會議時間:2015年12月21日
「我站在高山之上,呼喊阿里之名,阿里,神之獅。噢,阿里,神之獅,人之王,為你我悲傷之心帶來喜樂。」
——卡勒德·胡賽尼《追風箏的孩子》
在遙遠而古老的記憶中,興都庫什山脈一直都是阿拉伯世界和印度文明之間的天然疆界之一,來自阿拉伯、波斯和突厥的征服者們一次又一次嘗試跨越這道天塹,打造屬於自己的王朝,然而這座雄偉的山脈也將山麓兩側的居民們聯繫在了一起。無論是普什圖人、塔吉克人還是哈札拉人都共同生活在這片高原土地上,並譜寫出了屬於自己的壯麗篇章,這就是阿富汗。
1992年阿富汗民主共和國在冷戰終結的時代洪流中瓦解了,取而代之的是脆弱的阿富汗伊斯蘭國臨時政府,各大軍閥之間劍拔弩張的政治態勢給了塔利班迅速壯大的機會。1996年,塔利班攻陷了首都喀布爾,建立起了屬於自己的政權——阿富汗伊斯蘭酋長國。而塔吉克族、哈薩克族和烏茲別克族軍閥則在北方組成聯盟,繼續武裝抵抗塔利班的統治。2001年,以美國為首的多國聯軍的介入打破了這種僵局,塔利班被北方聯盟趕出了首都,而後者則在此建立起了嶄新的阿富汗伊斯蘭共和國政權。
然而,阿富汗的局勢依舊動盪不安,以美國為首的多國聯軍並沒有促成阿富汗的秩序與安全,戰爭與混亂在一段時期內仍然是阿富汗的常態。塔利班再次捲土重來,收復失地,而多國聯軍則陸續撤離,喀布爾政府的軍警也瀕臨崩潰,年輕的戰士們則以勝利者的姿態踏上舞台。國際上,伊斯蘭國的影響力也在激進主義的潮流中不斷滲出。恐怖主義,在這混亂的土壤中蠢蠢欲動,伺機而生。在這至關重要的時刻,聯合國安全理事會又能否抓緊時機,遏制以阿富汗為突破點的國際恐怖主義勢力,恢復地區和平與穩定,這一切的權力都已然交到了你們的手上,希望你們可以做出歷史的決定。
Committee: Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural Committee (SOCHUM)
Topic: Addressing population ageing and cultivating ageing-friendly society
Academic Adviser: Dr. Dennis Tam (President of the Supervisory Council, Geography and
Education Research Association of Macau, Academic Adviser of MMUNPA)
Delegations: 45 seats, Single Delegation
Working language: English (British English)
According to UN standards, population ageing is often referred to the increasing proportion of older adults, people who age over 60 in the population. This demographic shift is occurring worldwide and is possibly driven by declining fertility rates and increased life expectancy. The growing size of the old-age community has led to the snowballing need to facilitate the establishment of an ageing-friendly society.
Factors such as health, long-term care, transport, housing, labour, social protection, information and communication are crucial to building a supportive environment to empower healthy, active and independent living for the older adults, as stated by the UN. Some have also suggested that addressing ageism and promoting intergenerational connections could be feasible means to achieve the goal. Promoting an ageing-friendly society requires a concerted contribution from governments, organisations and individuals to address the upcoming challenges. The SOCHUM adopted the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing early in 2002, aiming to promote the well-being and rights of older persons through creating an enabling environment, and to provide a framework for action at national, regional, and international levels. Moreover, in alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the World Health Organisation (WHO) has taken up a significant role in the ‘UN Decade of Healthy Ageing’, where the organisation called for four ‘enablers’, voice and meaningful engagement, leadership and capacity building, connecting stakeholders and strengthening data, research and innovation in order to shift the status quo. That said, the efforts made by the public vary from country to country and they often lack coordinance.
The Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural Committee (SOCHUM), otherwise known as the Third Committee of the United Nations General Assembly, is one of the six primary committees of the UN General Assembly. Founded in 1946, the Committee strives to uphold and safeguard fundamental human rights for all individuals, irrespective of their race, gender, religion, or nationality. In particular, the Committee has extensively discussed social, humanitarian, and cultural concerns related to older adults, with the aim of ensuring them being able to enjoy their human rights and live with dignity and respect. Delegates are expected to represent their respective countries with different socioeconomic and political backgrounds and craft an innovative plan for creating a society that is conducive and inclusive to ageing.
Committee: Commission on the Status of Women (CSW)
Topic: Protection of women’s rights, dressing freedom, and empowerment
Academic Adviser: Prof. Melody Chia- Wen Lu (Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, the
University of Macau, Academic Adviser of MMUNPA)
Delegations: 25 seats, Single Delegation
Working language: English (British English)
Throughout history, women have always been treated unequally. In this modern era, several enhancements regarding the status of women have been achieved. Women’s suffrage is one of the remarkable developments. Although the situation has improved, some countries limit the voting rights of both males and females equally. In fact, having the legal right to vote does not necessarily guarantee a realistic opportunity to vote. The right of women to vote is more than political, which concerns the nature and structure of society. Every citizen shall have the right to participate in public affairs and voting rights.
Besides women’s suffrage, the right of receiving education is essential to women. Access to education is recognised as a fundamental right. However, barriers to women’s education such as poverty, child marriage and sexual abuse, lead to an imbalance in education in some countries. Such inequality is regarded as the major impediment within the course of the overall development of the education system, in which women are provided with fewer participation opportunities as compared to their male counterparts. The right to receive education is essential, making provision for equal rights and opportunities for women, not only within the course of the acquisition of education, but also in the pathway of gender equality.
Legal clothing restrictions on women have been a serious concern in the process of women’s rights enhancement. Dress codes are often based on gender roles and stereotypes about women. Sometimes, these dress codes are simply social expectations from others. However, dress codes can also be codified in the law. These laws dictate what women can wear to school, work, and sometimes in all public places. In different countries, these laws might force women to wear more or less clothing than they are comfortable wearing.
Women also have the freedom of giving birth, as known as reproductive rights, refers to the ability to choose the number of children they have, as well as the spacing between children’s birth. It includes prenatal services, safe childbirth, access to contraception, as well as abortion. Despite the ethics of abortion, it is still essential for females’ right of giving birth. In order to achieve the right of giving birth, sexual and reproductive health should be enhanced and the right to healthcare for females should also be improved along with the right of giving birth.
More and more women are dedicated to work nowadays. In the workplace, millions of female workers are compelled to work in degrading, hostile, or threatening settings where they frequently engage in inappropriate sexual behaviour. They are subjected to unwelcome physical contact, inappropriate jokes, insinuations, and statements that can be considered assault. Sexual harassment at work continues to go unreported despite its widespread prevalence for a variety of reasons, including fear of ridicule, blame, social or professional reprisals, and loss of legal residency.
Not only horrible conditions exist in the workplace for women, but there is also unfair treatment related to the company’s policy or salary. According to the United Nations, women only get paid 77 cents while men get paid one dollar for the same amount of work. Women’s work is often undervalued and remunerated less, causing them to retire into poverty. The so-called ‘motherhood penalty’, which forces women into the informal sector, casual employment, and part-time employment, is more prevalent in developing nations than it is in industrialised nations.